Summary
In his article "China's one-child policy - success or failure?" Weiliang Nie discusses the benefits and drawbacks of the one-child policy. He argues that although one-child policy does help to control the population in China, a lot of social issues followed consequently. Luckily grew up in China in the 1960s and 70s, Nie witnessed the last decade which Chinese families could have as many children as they like. Meanwhile, Nie mentioned that the reason why the population increased rapidly in the past few decades is to satisfied the need of productive force. By the year of 1978, one-child policy implemented and it helped China 400 million fewer births during the past 30 years. Under this circumstance, parents in China have to pay a heavy fine in order to have a second child. However, one-child policy also brings social issues to China.The first children born under the one-child policy face the prospect of caring for an ever-increasing number of pensioners and China also faces the daunting prospect of many men who can not find wives which result in a huge gender imbalance.
Works Cited:
Nie, Weilang. "China's one-child policy - success or failure?" BBC Chinese Service. BBC News Asian-Pacific. 24 Oct. 2010. Web. 10 Feb. 2013.
First Essay 3rd Draft
Jiajie Sun
Professor Bieber
English 113B
26 February 2013
Impacts of One Child Policy on China's Development
Under the leadership of Xiaoping, Deng, the "one-child policy" was originally started in China in the year of 1982. Although the one child policy was designated as a temporary measure, it is still in effect today in order to control China's burgeoning population and reduce the strain on scarce resources. Regardless of the fact that the policy has helped China to achieve 400 million fewer births during the past 30 years, the one child policy is not the optimal solution because of social issues such as selective sexual abortion, gender imbalance and aging population.
To start with, according to the one child policy, couples are limited to one child; otherwise a heavy fine will be followed. In this regard, more attention has been paid on the unborn baby's sex by the parents in China. Due to the traditional views of the Chinese, males have been defined for the productive forces and their abilities to support a family as "bread winners." Chinese people believe that males are able to perform labor to help the family because they are stronger than women; also, the family which brought up a girl will pay a lot to dower their daughter in order to satisfy the bridegroom's family. For this reason couples in China were more inclined to have a male baby than a female one. Many women go to
hospitals to do ultrasound at the time they are found pregnant and induced abortion to
female embryos they conceived. In his article "Birth Control, Surrogate Mothers and Abortions In China," Jeffrey Hays argues that " The rate of abortion in China — about 24 abortions for every 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44-is far from the world's highest." Despite the fact that the number may not seem very high, the unborn babies are not being aborted for medical reasons but rather just because of the wrong gender. Ultrasound and sex testing identifies the sex of the child in the womb and when identified as feminine, the lives of these fetuses end in abortion.
Meanwhile, sex selective abortion causes harm to women's health including potential body damage. This increases the possibility come down with gynecomastia for the women who took sex selective abortion before. In his article “What Should China Do About the Sex Selective Abortion?” Yonghong Wang states that “A survey of 820 women in one county in Central China revealed that nearly half of reported pregnancies were subject to sex determination by ultrasound examination, and that in nine out of ten cases the determined female fetuses in second pregnancies were aborted if the couple’s first child was a girl.” Additionally, abortion can cause bleeding, inflammation, uterine cavity adhesion, infertility sequela and so on, or even causing deaths. These problems are well known happened to women in China. Under the one child policy, women in China endure a heavy pressure; and sex selective abortion brings them colossal damages. "Nowadays in China, authorities would increase efforts against the non-medical use of ultrasound tests and abortion of fetuses based on gender," ("China Vows Crackdown On Sex-Selective Abortions."1) Obviously, people in China considered sex selective abortion as a serious problem and better measures for solving this problem have been constantly discussed.
Secondly, since the implementation of one child policy, gender imbalance has become a significant social issue. Because of male preference, a majority of parents would rather to have a baby boy who has led to a gender imbalance in China. Jingya Zhang, in her article " China's One Child Policy," states that "for every 100 female births there are 117 male births in China." The main factor why gender imbalance risks society currently is because men are having troubles finding wives. Obviously, the most important aspect is that more and more men cannot get married in China. In his article "Crisis Looms as 18 million Chinese Can't Find a Wife," Jonathan Watts describes that "There has been alarm for more than a decade, but it has reached a new pitch in recent months as state demographers forecast that 37 million men will be unable to find wives by 2020." In order to solve this problem, some men in China choose married with women who are much younger. This in turn has made it considerably harder for younger men to find wives. In some rural areas in China, the growing imbalance means that forced prostitution and human trafficking has become rampant. Girls and young women are priced and sold to other families at a price about 3000 to 5000 RMB. (about 500 to 800 USD) Women who are sex trafficked are raped and forced to get married. Since there are fewer women in the society, people are looking to them for profits which why they are being taken advantage of. This will bring excessive profits to the women traffickers. In this case, gender imbalance causes social instability.
Last but not least, while the one child policy has reduced the birth rate, , life expectancy has increased and China is becoming an aging society. In her article "China Faces the Challenges of Low Birth Rate and Aging Problem," Huang Peipei states that " China has become an aging society since 2000. The proportion of people of or above 65 has increased from 6.96% in 2000 to 8.87% in 2010." This is also shown in figure 2. It predicted the

Figure 2. Aging Prediction for China's Future Population
proportion of the old people will reach a peak at the year 2050 in China. More social resources such as health care, retirement pensions, hospitals and nursing houses will be allocated to the elderly people. Due to advancement in technology, people’s life span has been increased with the advancement of the medical science. With the rapidly increasing of aging population, more medical facilities are need for China. Old people should have enough wards and abundant medicines in order to maintain their lives. What is more, nursing houses need to be constructed and philanthropic works are required.
In addition, both China's governments and the generations are facing more and more challenges. Aging population brings difficulties to China's economy. By carrying through the one child policy, the proportion which reflects older people on the "population pyramid" become bigger and bigger. Being lack of youngsters let China sink into the crisis which is short of the productive force. Furthermore, too many old people bring pension problem to Chinese governments as well. In his article "Debate: Aging population," Li Kun describes that "China's pension and welfare systems are not yet strong enough to deal with an aging population." With the increasing of the graying of the population, China's governments face greater obstacle in the financial budget. Moreover, children are responsible for the retirement of many parents. The only child in the family faces more pressure in taking care of their parents who are becoming older. We can imagine if there are two children in a family. They do not confront the obligation that much and their pressure will be shared. Consequently, one child policy not merely causes negative impacts in sex selective abortion, but also in aging population.
According to history, the establishment of one child policy in the year 1982 was the only way to rescue China at that time. Without doubt, we can not repudiate the encouraging changes which brought by one child policy to China. Be back to where we were, under the improvement of one child policy, we also find severe problems which brought by it. Sex selective abortion, gender imbalance and aging population.
Works Cited
"China Vows Crackdown On Sex-Selective Abortions." Huff Post World. Huff Post Home. 08 Aug. 11. Web. 25 Feb. 2013.
Figure 2, Aging Prediction for China's Future Population. Graph. People’s Daily Online. 2012. Web.
Hays, Jeffrey . “Birth Control, Surrogate Mothers And Abortions In China.” Facts And Details. Facts And Details.Aug. 2012. Web. 13 Feb. 2013.
Huang, Peipei. “China Faces the Challenges of Low Birth Rate and Aging Problem.” People’s Daily Online. People’s Daily Online. 02 Jan. 2012. Web. 13 Feb. 2013.
Watts, Jonathan . “Crisis Looms as 18 Million Chinese Can't Find a Wife.” theguardian/TheObserver. The Observer. 25 Aug. 2007. Web. 13 Feb. 2013.
Wang, Yonghong. “What Should China Do About the Sex Selective Abortion?” Social Science Research Network. 20 May. 2004. Web. 25 Feb. 2013.
Zhang, Jingya. “China's gender imbalance.” CCTV. CCTV.COM. 31 Mar. 2012. Web.13 Feb. 2013.
Images
At the first couple years under the impliment of one child policy, this banner in the rural China showed that "ABORT! ABORT! ABORT! CAN'T BORN!“
- “a man again, whole village ligation”
Figure 2. Aging Prediction for China's Future Population
Marry me !!
Images